The Parisian club has now won the prestigious cup on fourteen separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic equaliser followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the showdown between the French league champions and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
However, Marseille fired two times late to take a surprise advantage. Initially, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a vital leveler in the dying moments to send the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, saving crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a 4-1 penalty victory.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the last thirteen years.